Effects of Obesity on the Motor Development of Children Essay

Obesity in the United States has become an epidemic. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), one out of every three people in the United States are now overweight or obese. Additionally, one out of every three children between the ages of 10 and 17 are not at a healthy weight (CDC, 2010). America is officially the fattest country in the world, topping Mexico and the United Kingdom by more than six percent of the population (CDC, 2010). These frightening statistics have many consequences for American citizens, especially the youth. This paper will explore the effects of childhood obesity on motor development, as well as ways in which motor development can be influenced to lower the obesity rate in children.†¦show more content†¦One must understand what motor development is in order to comprehend how overweight and obesity are involved. Obesity and overweight are categories of the human body type that are based on what is considered a â€Å"healthy† weight. This standard is established using the body mass index (BMI), which can be calculated using height and weight to estimate how much of a person’s weight comes from body fat. A healthy individual’s BMI is between 19 and 25 (CDC, 2010). A person with a BMI above 25 is considered overweight and above 30 is obese (CDC, 2010). Overweight and obesity are linked with motor development through Newell’s Model of Constraints, which includes individual, environmental, and task constraints. According to Newell’s model, a person’s weight is a structural individual constraint that could affect a person’s performance on a task (Payne Isaacs, 2008). Although weight is a structural constraint that may influence performance, it does not necessarily affect the development of motor skills. Supporting Research Research has shown that there is a direct link between overweight and motor development in infants. For example, in 2010, Slining, Adair, Goldman, Borja, and Bentley found that overweight and obese infants exhibited a lower level of motor development than their healthy weight counterparts. MoreShow MoreRelatedIs Entertainment Technology Beneficial?902 Words   |  4 Pagesso has a negative side effect to the conveniences of it. These negative outcomes have disrupted the agenda for youth as well as children and infants. â€Å"It takes two full years for a baby s brain to develop to the point where the symbols on the screen come to represent their equivalents in the real world† (Healthy Children). Exposure to entertainment technology from the age’s birth to two years of age has negative effects. These effects include delayed cognitive development, language, social emotionalRead MoreDevelopmental Tasks Of Adolescence And Development871 Words   |  4 PagesPhysical dev elopment, motor development, Cognitive development, information processing, and language development. Each child will undergo different physical changes in development according to our text Development Through The Lifespan, â€Å"Children grow slower in early childhood and they become longer and leaner† (216). Growth centers will emerge within the skeleton and as baby fat falls off, children gradually become thinner. Along with physical development the skeletal growth and brain development increasesRead MoreObesity and Physical Activity in Schools1476 Words   |  6 Pagesthus having an effect on the prevalence of obesity and related illnesses in society. â€Å"Obesity is increasing steeply in Australia† ( Magarey, A. M., Daniels, L. A. and Boulton, T. J. 2001) â€Å"and almost 25% of children are affected† (Booth, Wake, Armstrong, Chey, Hesketh, and Mathur.2001). So why is physical activity so important for children and what age is instilling positive habits most beneficial? What roles do teachers of today play in addressing and preventing obesity in our children and what areRead MoreMalnutrition As Defined By Groark Song843 Words   |  4 Pagesin early childhood, which can lead to obesity (Groark Song, 2012). The short term effects of malnutrition are more noticeable in early childhood education settings in the form of behavioral and mental health issues. A poorly nourished child may become disruptive or extremely withdrawn in the school setting, which can negatively affect their learning as well as the learning of their classmates (Groark Song, 2012). Micronutrient deficiency is a major effect of malnutrition. Iron Deficiency AnemiaRead Moreeffects of technology on children1279 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY ON CHILDREN In today’s world Technology is everywhere. We use computers for almost everything in everyday life, including â€Å"babysitting† our children. Computers can have both positive and negative effects on children, while some of the negative effects on health and development are unseen. As adults, we understand the physical world around us and the concepts inside computer programs. Children, on the other hand, need to learn this with traditionalRead MorePhysical Activity in Primary School Children Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesPhysical activity is crucial for a child’s development and lays the foundation for a healthy and active life. Children are becoming overweight and obese due to poor food choices and an increasing sedentary lifestyle (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010). High calorie food and increased indoor activity, such as watching television or computer games, are fuelling the unhealthy lifestyle epidemic in children. Physical activity in middle childhood, ( 8 to12 year olds), is a crucial component in addressing and preventingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children And The Dangers Associated With This Rise1438 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscussing the recent increase of obesity rates in children and the dangers associated with this rise. The research focused specifically on children who had survived cancer and later developed obesity, causing more complications in their health. This rise of obesity in child cancer survivors has been linked to numerous potential factors causing an increase in the possibility of developing this disease. The potential factors that increase the risk of childhood obesity in cancer survivors include, treatmentRead MoreEssay on Preventing Childhood Obesity in Australia1427 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"During the past two decades, the prevalence of obesity in children has risen greatly worldwide. Obesity in childhood causes a wide range of serious complications, and increases the risk of premature illness and death later in life, raising public-health concerns.† (Ebbeling, Pawlak Ludwig, 2002 p.471) Currently in the Australian community and schools there is an obesity epidemic in young people with many children doing less and less physical activity then advised. â€Å"In 2007-08 theRead MoreThe Importance of Physical Activity Essay1545 Words   |  7 PagesThe teaching profession plays a fundamental role in educating children. Some of which include physical activity Teachers engage in many roles in student’s learning, some of which are more challenging and important than others and all which contribute to a child’s development. The process of childhood development is dynamic, recognised by various fields including the influential society, inherited characteristics through genetics, and the psychological behaviour of the child. These fields all playRead MoreThe Effects Of Outdoor Play On Children1120 Words   |  5 PagesOutdoor Play In today’s society, we have increasing numbers of obesity in children. Researchers are trying to find the answer as to why this is happening. The sad part is, no one has looked at the numbers of how much time a child spends outside has decreased over the last decade. We have increasing numbers of technology being produced on the market and fail to look at how technology has harmed humans in a biological sense. There has been evidence of blue-violet light, produced from smart phones

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 1908 Words

In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actions because of his past decisions and make himself good again for the Afghanistan people. Khaled Hosseini was born on March 4th, 1965 in Kabul, Afghanistan. He was the oldest of five children. According to the article, â€Å"Khaled Hosseini†,†¦show more content†¦Amir is Pashtun and Hassan is Hazara. According to the article, â€Å"The Kite Runner: The Afghan Tragedy Goes Unexplained†, Pashtuns are Sunni Muslims while Hazaras are Shi’a Muslims. The Hazara have different appearances than Pashtun. â€Å"They called him â€Å"flat-nosed† because of Ali and Hassan’s characteristics Hazara Mongolid features† (Hosseini 8). The Hazara were Mogul descendants and their eyes were slightly slanted. This conflict happened in society when Abdur Rahman Khan became the king of Afghanistan. Khan did not like the Hazara people. He had a negative approach with them and gave them all a tough time living in Afghanistan. If Baba never let Ali and Hassan live with them on their property, then Ali and Hassan would be living in the Kazarasjat M ountains. A place that no one wants to be living. Baba and Ali are half-brothers. They kept that a secret from everyone for a long period of time. Since Hassan and Amir were best friends, when they would go out to fly their kites or just go out to play and read on rocks, the Pashtuns kids would look at Amir and wonder why he was friends with a Hazara boy. In the novel, a Pashtun boy and his friends ask Amir why he is friends with a Hazara boy. If Hassan never lived with Amir, they would have never been friends. Amir does not find out until later on in the story that him and Hassan are actually related. He finds out when he gets the phone call to come back to Afghanistan.Show MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author sh ows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini2522 Words   |  11 PagesIn The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini creates an awareness and humanization of Afghanistan as a nation and as a culture. Through a postcolonial perspective, the main character, Amir resembles the internal conflicts and external tribulations that a country and its citizens’ face when living in a war-torn region. Postcolonial criticism offers a unique perspective by highlighting the destructive events that lead to death and misery, rather than glorifying the exploratory nature of colonists as theyRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Advabtage and Disadvantage of Branding Free Essays

Everyone from countries to political parties to individuals in organisations is now encouraged to think of themselves as a brand, in which have seen the obvious success of the brand concept in past years (Geoffrey R. , 1997). Why the brand is significant? And what make the brands so attractive and successful? This article will explore the role of the brand and critically analyse the advantages and disadvantages of branding. We will write a custom essay sample on Advabtage and Disadvantage of Branding or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. Brands and Branding Some analysts see brand as the promise of something.That something is intangible, but it could be a guarantee of quality, a sense of prestige, or of heritage. Everything the customer experiences in the process of evaluation, trial, purchase, and adoption is a verification of the original promise (Chuck Brymer, 2003) (see Figure 1). Over time, brands have become important as they set an expectation of quality or price. Figure 1. The promises and verifications of a brand Source: Chuck Brymer (2003) Brands and Branding-What makes brands great. P. 69 Today brands represent more than a product, service or brand identity.As Melissa Davis pointed out that a brand is synonymous with the business and the style behind the product or service; it involves the people working for the company and a philosophy and spirit that sustains. Bands offer sets of values, a vision and even an attitude. The interaction between the brand and consumer is at the heart of managing the brand perception. This is where branding happens: it is the communication that aids create and sustain a relationship between the organisation and its customer (Melissa Davis, 2005).Thus good branding should engage. Branding is very important because its relationship and impact on the world we live in. To each company, it is particularly important in helping position the product in the minds of the product’s target market. The combined value of the world’s biggest brands is fundamental to the global economy that brands are now one of the most powerful tools in the world and account for one-third of the world’s wealth. The statistics has shown that the annual income of the five largest business corporations are more than double the combined Gross National Product of the 500 poorest countries (Rita, C. and John, 2003). It is hence that brands have the influence and power to change society, as the role of branding has increased in scope and significance. The most well-known company to brand components is Intel (Ranked No. 7 in Table 1) with its famous â€Å"Intel Inside† slogan. Intel’s success has led many other business-to-business companies and even non-profits to incorporate branding within their overall marketing strategy.In terms of marketing value of a brand, known as brand equity, is constituted of five main factors: brand awareness, perceived quality, strong brand associations, high brand loyalty and other assets such as legal protection and a good distribution network (Aaker, 1991). The following Section will describe how branding strengthen brand equity for enormous benefits. RankBrandCountryIndustryBrand Value in Millions 1 United StatesBeverages$70,452 2 United StatesBusiness Services$64,727 3 United StatesComputer Software$60,895 United StatesInternet Services$43,557 5 United StatesDiversified$42,808 6 United StatesRestaurants$33,578 7 United StatesElectronics$32 ,015 8 FinlandElectronics$29,495 9 United StatesMedia$28,731 10 United StatesElectronics$26,867 Table 1. Best global brands 20100 Source: Interbrand 2010 Website 3. Advantages of Branding Branding can carry different benefits for all parties involved in the exchange process and in theory branding makes it easier to buy and to sell a product (Brassington Pettit, 2003).It is therefore important to look at the benefits of branding to consumers, organizations (manufacturers and retailers) and society respectively. In today’s competitive and crowded marketplace, branding creates customer value b ecause it reduces both the effort and the risk of buying. It helps in faster spreading of product knowledge, which helps the consumers to decide in favor of the brand over the others available in the market. When someone goes shopping at Morrison for example, strong brand names make it easier for the customer to locate and identify the suitable product needed.It promises and delivers high level of assurance to consumers. Branding may also enhance the customer’s experience aesthetically and psychologically (Melissa Davis, 2005); through branding, consumers can form some sort of attitudes and feelings towards the product. This builds brand loyalty towards the brand by the consumer, which assists decision making by building trust, familiarity and assurance of a certain standard. It is the way of expression of individual’s personality and what they stand for. To some extent it meets the aspirations of customers as well.That is why people regularly ask for a ‘Coke’ rather than a cola. Furthermore, Branding increases the innovation potential of manufacturers, and leading to more variety and consumer choice. From a manufacturer’s perspective, branding has distinct advantages in many ways. By observing the brand equity and benefits of branding listed in Table 2, the main interest of branding to a manufacturer is that it builds a high brand loyalty; in turn generate higher and more stable sales and profits. High brand loyalty can help the consumer to overcome any price change of the product.In recent years, Nike and Sony have been able to establish such strong brand loyalty that price changes for a particular product might not matter too much in the consumer’s mind. Brand loyalty also can reduce the marketing cost, because it is cheaper to retain an existing loyal customer than to attract a new one. Meanwhile, branding raises brand awareness which gives the manufacturer and the brand a sense of trustworthiness and the image of commitment. Well-known brands also bring about more interest and trust by retailers, and make easier access to the distribution channel. It ill be more support from the distribution and makes the manufacturer hold power to competitive actions. Brand equity componentsBenefits Brand awareness? Brand in evoked set ?Influence on attitude and perceptions ?Anchor for associations ?Signal of substance/commitment High brand loyalty? Reduced marketing costs ?Trade leverage ?Attracting new customers ?Time to respond to competitive threats Perceived quality? Price premium ?Differentiation/positioning ?Channel member interest ?Brand extension potential Strong brand associations? Differentiation/positioning ?Memory retrieval potential ?Brand extension potentialTable 2. Brand equity components and branding benefits Source: Patrick D. P. and Maggie G. (2004) Marketing Communications. P. 57 Another important advantage of branding to the manufacturer is that it helps the marketing manager when determining a competitive strategy for the product. Branding makes product positioning efforts more effective. When customers link benefits with a particular brand, the brand may have attained a significant competitive advantage. In the other words, a brand can stay in the crowded market longer and more profitably because it has been created properly by effective branding.Simultaneously, manufacturers can charge a premium for the brand such as Mercedes Benz, Louis Vuitton, De Beers, because the valuable product they provided can be reliability, safety, and more pleasure with prestigious services. Moreover, manufacturers that develop a successful brand can extend the brand by adding new products under the same â€Å"family† brand. Such branding may allow manufacturers to introduce new products more easily as the brand is immediately recognised by the consumer since the brand is already accepted within the market. Successful brand – Kellogg’s is a good example of this.It has a range of breakfast cereals all under the Kellogg’s brand umbrella. Each product has its own marketing budget and often competes for a similar consumer. Over time each of these products became a brand in its own right. Each of these Kellogg’s brands has taken on a life of its own to such an extent that they have been extended into the growing breakfast snack bar market (Melissa Davis, 2005). For the retailers, branding improve the image of the store, and attract customers. And as branded products are advertised and promoted, they can benefit from lower selling costs and a higher inventory turn. . Disadvantage of Branding Apart from the power and attractiveness of branding, while there are some disadvantages of branding as well, This Section will examine those drawbacks and challenges. In fact, branding can be very expensive because costs of marketing and advertising tend to increase. It leads to the average cost of the product goes higher and in many instances the consumer has to bear the cost. The large companies have huge branding budgets in the millions and tens of millions, but they are relatively large for most small businesses.The branding process must be outstanding and professional, or a few things will happen: prospects will pass on the products or services and go to the competitors. The company may not earn the price they are worth. And the company will have a very hard time building reputation. Most importantly, the company cannot sustain the pressure of additional expenses. Take Nissan case for example, in 1982, Nissan decided to change the name of its U. S. entry from Datsun to Nissan, the name by which the car was marketed in Japan. Over $240 million was spent on name change advertising campaign. By 1984, the Datsun name had completely disappeared. But a national survey in the spring of 1988 found that the Nissan name was no stronger than a brand name that had been dead for 5 years. It seems likely that the advertising for name change was much less effective that prior advertising. In addition, $30 million was spent just on changing dealer’s signs. The biggest cost, many hundreds of millions during these years, was the lost sales caused by name confusion. In total, the name change surely cost over $500 million and very likely it involves well over $1 billion (Aaker David, 1993).In many situations, a higher budget does not guarantee success and therefore is a loss of resource for the company. As the expense to retain the brand in customer’s mind space increases, it becomes difficult to sell the brand at a lower price. And a strong brand is memorable, but people still need to be exposed to it, this often requires a lot of advertising and public relations over a long period of time, which can be very costly. The process of branding will usually take a long period of time to reach full effectiveness.As well as creating a brand and updating the signs and equipment to expose it to the potential customers, it is commonly shown that people need to see an advert at least three times before they accept it, which means the company will need to advertise and promote the brand for a considerable amount of time before it will become well known. It is also felt that consumers become loyal to established brands and may not be willing to shift to new brands, which may prevent the new producers from entering the market and result in consumer exploitation by the market leader.Brand ing tends to increase product price, and may lead to decreased product quality eventually. Some companies disturb what made their brand great in the first place and run risk of breaking its promise. This causes erosion of the original brand idea that marginalises the customer experience. The result is that standards of products and services all go down. The expectations of loyal customer and new customer can not meet. Once a brand loses touch with its customer or ignores a potential new audience, it has lost relevance.Often the lost leadership is taking the brand for granted which treat the asset as a cash cow (Melissa Davis, 2005). 5. Conclusion Brands now play to people of every generation, social class and culture. Brand equity is the positive differential effect that knowing the brand name has on customer response to the product or service. A brand with strong brand equity is a very valuable asset. Branding is the long haul making business sustainable. It marks the future of the product and service and is the mirror of its success or failure (Melissa Davis, 2005).It is the mirror that reflects the reason of the corporation existence; it is how people perceive the corporation and it is what makes their product different and desirable by customers. But branding is not everything; companies may spend millions on creating a brand and millions more on maintaining and sustaining a brand, but equity in the brand can be lost more quickly if a brand consistently fails to engage its consumer, or if its behaviour is inconsistent with its message and values. Even so, the advantages of branding are more outweighed than its disadvantages. The key point is how to manipulate proper branding strategies under the feasible environment. Successful branding is paramount to a company’s success. Branding has been in existence for hundreds of years and has developed into modern concept that can be applied to anything from products and services to companies, not-for-profit concerns and even countries (Rita, C. and John, S. , 2003). Today most of the world’s greatest brands are American owned (as showed in Table 1), may because of America’s political, commercial and social system.But the knowledge and practice of what creates great brands can be (and is now increasingly being) applied around the world. Additionally, in this â€Å"globalised† world, nations need to compete with each other for the world’s attention and wealth. Active and conscious nation branding can help them do this, and at its best, it presents an opportunity to redistribute the world’s wealth more fairly in the future (Rita, C. and John, S. , 2003).   How to cite Advabtage and Disadvantage of Branding, Papers

Economic Implications of 3D Printing †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Economic Implications of 3D Printing. Answer: Introduction: In this new world of technology the 3D printing has travelled from theoretical to reality. They have turned cheaper in production and various models have been available for sale along with designing of products. Moreover they have been becoming common in the home. The report demonstrates the 3D printing as the additive manufacturing. It analyses whether it has been suited better for the high or low volumes of production. The situations of its value are analyzed along with the forecasts on 3D printing. Lastly it answers the way in which 3D printing could make the conventional manufacturing outdated along with it effects. 3D printing is more appropriately called as an additive manufacturing as it is a process that can be applicable for creating 3D objects from digital files. 3D objects can only be created using additive processes that includes layering of successive layers of materials until the object is considered to be fully created. These successive layers can be seen as very thin slices of cross-section of the eventual objects (Weller, Kleer Piller, 2015). It does not follows the subtracting manufacturing that includes hollowing out or cutting out materials from a complete piece of the plastic or metal substances through milling machine. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) introduced Additive Manufacturing and led to the development of seven standards that could be helpful in classifying Additive Manufacturing processes into seven categories. The above picture is a clear representation of workings of Vat Photo-Polymerization in which container is filled with photopolymer resin, after that it is being hardened through using UV light source (Campbell et al., 2011). There are three other processed involved in this process that could be corrective justification for representing it as an additive manufacturing that includes (CLIP) Continuous Liquid Interface Production, DLP (Digital Light Processing), and SLA (Stereolithography) The basic working of this printer is similar to the inkjet paper printer in which material is being applied through a nozzle of small diameter, the only difference is that it is being applied layer-by-layer in manner to build a platform to make a 3D object and after that it is being hardened by the UV lights. There are three technologies FDM, FFF, and Contour crafting that are involved in this section and this is also used to add materials and create the objects that can be represented as an evidence for its additive It involves materials into the sheets that are expected to be bounded with the external forces. Mostly used in manufacturing applications and high-tech metal industries. It deposits metal powder on a surface and multi-axis robotic hand that is connected to the nozzles used to create the object (McMenamin et al., 2014). There are basically two additive processes that are being used under this section for the creation of a 3D object that includes DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering), and SLS (Selective Laser Sintering). Liquid binder and powder base material are being used within this model creation in which as shown in the figure in the chamber in which powder is spread equally and glue is used to strengthen the object. 3D printing for high or low volumes of production: The conventional processes like the injection molding have been utilized more for the wide scale manufacturing. It has been more costly for the low volumes. Hence it is best suited for the high volumes of productions. It has been reshaping the product manufacturing and development (Xing, Zheng Duan, 2015). Through using the process of 3D printing, the engineers and designers are able to save money. As it saves time, it is regarded to be invaluable presenting the scopes to create the highly accurate model of how the new product has been looking. For the low volume manufacturers, the most costly and the labor intensive portion of the product development has been the tooling production. The 3D printers are able to remove the expenses since it eradicates the necessity for tool production that has been cutting the labor and the lead times. For high volumes there have been various benefits that are inherent to the process. This includes the capability of producing the custom parts with no cost of upfront virtually. Moreover it is capable to produce shapes that ate impossible and uneconomical (Grice et al. 2015). The situation where the 3D printing is regarded as the most valuable depends on how the value is defined. The largest market for 3d printing currently in the consumer application has been the hearing aids. The ear hearing aids are created through 3D printing. Further, the customized hip implants have been a smaller application with the value of the market is high. This is because they expenses per item has been larger. Moreover, the plastic implants and the titanium implants have been possessing potentially higher market. The other unrealized markets like the 3D printed cartilage have been about a decade way for being commercialized (Lee et al., 2016). However the osteoarthritis has been one of the leading reasons for disability in the world. The ability of 3D printing cartilage for combating the disease has been a huge market in the sector of medicine with numerous patients being helped every year. The custom fit products have been an outstanding business project for those who have been searching for 3D printing. The benefits of it over the conventional manufacturing have been that it has been permitting every part to be fit in a customized way to the customers. It has been providing better comfort with utility than the generic counterpart. The forecast by the leading research and the investment firms for the 3D printing: The respondents have been weighing in where the 3D printing for the product development has been in the current place. The leading research and the investment firms have been forecasting whether they have been investing in the in-house capabilities, outsourcing and the reasons (Loo, Chua Pumera, 2017). They have been also needing to occur for the 3D printing of the parts of the end-products for becoming the reality in large-scale. Lastly they have been determining what materials have been of highest interest. As any organization has been the committed user for the 3D printing, the outcomes have been ensuring that the same path of the peers and facing various challenges for adoption. The usage of security printing to the manufacture of products has been coming out as the current competitive advantage (Ventola, 2014). However, the organizations have not been initiating the investment fast to become the considerable disadvantage. First of all, it has been enabling the continuous digital thread. The using of the 3D printing of production has been transformative. It has been speeding up product design and speeding up the business (Radenkovic, Solouk Seifalian, 2016). Moreover it has been offering the grater design freedom and the spur innovation. The designs developed for the traditional manufacturing has been constrained by the manufacturing process requiring the creating of the distinct components assembled to generate the outcome. The technologies has been producing the objects fast incredibly and making them much costly. It has been creating the monolithic and the dense objects devoid of discernable layering. It has been the widest scope of the materials of the production in the 3-D printing market. Moreover, it giving rise to the manufacturing-as-the-service. Same as the software-as-the-service has spawned various other adjuncts, the advent of the MaaS or manufacturing-as-a-service as driven by the 3-D printing. The there is also the reduction of the waste and the development of the resource use (Moon et al., 2014). The additive manufacturing has been using the materials it has needed to create the products. The material remaining after the job gets finished, could be utilized as the subsequent jobs. Thus the 3-D printing has producing the zero waste theoretically. Conclusion: Based on the above report it can be concluded that the organizations need to identify how they could be best benefitted by the 3-D printing. They need to determine the products that are of low-volume and require altering them fast as the market dynamics alters. All these better fit for the operations of 3-D printing than the other additional products. Regarding the recommendations the following points are reminded. The printing of the curved features on the multiple planes are to be avoided: The prints with the stepping could smoothen out many times using the sand paper. The creation of the enclosed hollow features is to be avoided: The support material under the hollow feature could not be dissolved. 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