Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women Research Paper

Cardio-Vascular Diseases in Women - Research Paper Example CVDs ranked third of all deaths that occur in women around the globe. Death rate in women due to ischemic heart diseases is 3.4 million; stroke is 3 million and rheumatic, hypertension and inflammatory heart cases accounts for 2.2 million deaths annually. Moreover women from low and middle income nation are more expected to expire after these circulation issues as compared to the developed ones. In United States, death rate among women due to these CVDs has been calculated as 1 death per minute in 2007 (Pilote et la., 2007) (Go et al., 2014)The ethnic backgrounds also have impact on this ailment. In United States, there are considerably elevated rates for the black females who are the sufferers as compared with their white correspondents i.e 286.1 out of 100,00 blacks as equated to 205.7 per 100 000 whites. The one reason for this prevelance is related to the awareness of strokes and heart diseases that has been acknowledged to be more in white as compared to blacks (Kleindorfer et a l., 2009). Furthermore women of developing countries are at higher risks for developing cardiovascular disorders than men. Some high risk diseases for these events are diabetes, as diabetic type 2 women are at higher risk for developing circulation issues as compared to men. Age is another determining factor such as young women experiencing heart attack have higher death rate as compared to their male counterparts of similar age. Disabilities and associated complications are also more in females as compared to males.

Health and Social Care Essay Example for Free

Health and Social Care Essay Explain how a working relationship is different from a personal relationship 1. A working relationship is different because of boundaries, professional codes of conduct, employer policies and procedures. In your working relationship you would be friendly have a different approach treat with equality you would know your role and responsibility you would not share personal information as you friends. 2. You work with different people doctors family colleagues give examples of how these are different 3. As this sets out boundaries in your job role , enables you to know your role and responsibilities, knowing your own level of competence and skills, to know your job description Describe two types of working relationship in health and social care settings Relationships are probably the most involved and emotionally charged area of our lives. From the moment we are born we form relationships, each one requiring something different from us and giving us something different in return. In the health and social care setting there are many different working relationships. These relationships will include: colleagues, manager, other professionals such as doctors/district nurse, service users and their family and friends Describe why it is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role It is important to adhere to the agreed scope of the job role as this sets out boundaries in your job role, enables you to know your role and responsibilities. Knowing your own level of competence and skills, knowing your job description. How do you access full and up to date details of agreed ways of working in your line of work? Agreed ways of working is working within the rules set out by your employer. Following policies and procedures of the company. Important to have up to date agreed ways of working as there may be changes in policies within the law. Your company may have to implement them to help protect the vulnerable Explain two way it is important agreed ways of working at your work place When people are deeply upset about something, they need to get their story out. This is a basic principle of mediation and one that’s important to remember. Often in a conflict, the parties are so focused on minutiae that they lose sight of the big picture and its implications. As the mediator, you need to bring people back to reality by wrenching their attention away from the grain of sand and having them focus on the whole beach. Doing so may help resolution arrive at a startling speed. Explain two way it is important to work in partnership with others Partnership can be formed between a number of individuals, agencies or organisations with a shared interest. Partnerships are often formed to address specific issues and have a common reason for working together and could often formed to target a short or long term issues. In order to achieve a good partnership partners need to communicate, co-ordinate, co- operate. There are two types of partnership working: multi agency working and integrated working. Multi agency working and an integrated working Identify skills and approaches needed for resolving conflicts Increased understanding: The discussion needed to resolve conflict expands peoples awareness of the situation, giving them an insight into how they can achieve their own goals without undermining those of other people. Increased group cohesion: When conflict is resolved effectively, team members can develop stronger mutual respect, and a renewed faith in their ability to work together. Improved self-knowledge: Conflict pushes individuals to examine their goals in close detail, helping them understand the things that are most important to them, sharpening their focus, and enhancing their effectiveness. Define person centred values Person centred values means the people whom we support are able to be involved and included in every aspect of their care and support. For example: * their needs,* Assessments, * Care delivery, and, * Support planning. EXPLAIN WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO WORK IN A WAY THAT EMBEDS PERSON CENTRED VALUES. It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaini ng of this. Explain why risk taking can be part of a person centred approach Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they thought would not be possible. Explain how using an individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way Using an individuals care plan will ensure that the persons own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a choice of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. How do you find out the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? 1. You need to know their history because it may affect their care plan for example a client (service user) who has been abused will need extra support. This also includes all past health issues and possible behaviour. 2. Part of working for equality and a high standard of care it is essential that client’s wishes are expressed. This is like anyone else on the planet. A major part of the wishes possess involves their deaths i. e. , would they like to buried, would they like someone to have some of their possessions. 3. To be able to formulate a care plan you must first find out what level of care a client needs going on their individual needs. Some clients may need extra support with washing/dressing. Other may need extra therapies such as hydro or music. How do you apply person centred values in day today work taking into account the history, preferences, wishes and needs of the individual? Government policy should be founded on a clear, ambitious and measurable goal to improve the experience of patients and service users and to be delivered by a defined date. Setting an ambitious goal to improve patient experience should be reinforced by enhanced guarantees to patients with complex needs. These guarantees would include an entitlement to an agreed care plan, a named case manager responsible for co-ordinating care, and access to tableware and a personal health budget where appropriate. Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established A capacity assessment by a qualified professional should be carried out to see if the individual has the capacity to make decisions. These steps should be taken by professionals as stated in five principles set on in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. Describe how active participation benefits an individual Active participation is an approach that enables individuals to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their life in ways that matter to them. The benefits of active participation can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. Identify three possible barriers to active participation Physical benefits including greater activity levels. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. Support an individual to make informed choices Learning to communicate in an effective way and using this to inform the client of all possible choices. Everyone on this planet can communicate in one form or another you need to take the time to learn how every individual client communicates. Explain how you can use agreed risk assessments Process to support the right to make choices People who work in health and social care constitute a large and diverse workforce looking after a predominantly vulnerable population. Employees have the right to work in a healthy and safe workplace, and the people using services are entitled to care and support that is safe and takes their needs, freedom and dignity into account. Explain why a worker’s personal view should not influence an individual’s choices The consequences are that the individual making the choice may make a decision that they might later regret or worse, that has a devastating impact on their life. A person should never make a decision based purely on the personal views of others but should instead gather all the available information and decide for themselves what course of action is right for them its a case of what is good for the goose isnt always good for the gander. Describe how support an individual to question or challenge decisions conceding them that are made by others They have the right to make their own choices and decisions under the Human Rights Act, as long as the decisions they make do not put them at risk of harm or injury and they have the mental capacity to make them. You could support them to question or challenge by speaking on their behalf but you would need to know exactly what their wishes are, and record it for them to sign. Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked with well being Because if you dont feel good about yourself or dont have a sense of purpose or identity you tend to feel more depressed therefore your wellbeing will be effected Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well being Using what service in adult care? Do you mean the service OF adult care? Those who give care should show respect for the elderly; be courteous, but also be friendly. Call the person by his/her last name unless invited to use the first. Dont assume that ALL elderly people have forgotten everything they ever knew and are only good at bingo anymore. Support an individual in a way that promotes a sense of identity and self-esteem The first thing is that the person is an individual in their own right you need to understand what they are about and not judge, pick the bright nuggets of information and use this as a a springboard to encourage self-esteem and their self-image. As they talk about themselves you will be able to get a sense of self and where they are in their image. You need to feedback to them what was said as positive rather than the negative if they say Ii am always failing reply with really, you at least have the guts to try something out of your comfort zone not everyone can do it the negatives must be turned to positives but it takes time and consistency and as their self-worth and esteem improves you will find they will need less and less re-enforcing Demonstrate ways to contribute to an environment that promotes wellbeing Donation centres have drop-off points for returning old things for sale to help charitable areas. The scouts, Goodwill stores do these things. Roadside, creek, gulley, beach and parks welcome clean-up crews: volunteers who help together to pick up careless refuse, windblown trash. Identify legislation relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting Legislations/codes of practice relating to general health and safety in a health or social care work setting are: The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974; Riddor 1995, COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health); Manual Handling operations regulations 1992; Health And Safety (First aid regulations 1981); Fire protection (Workplace) Regulations 1997; Food Safety Act 1990; Personal Protective Equipment and Management of Health and safety at work regulations 1999. Describe two main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 is the main piece of legislation that covers work related health and safety in the workplace. The main points of the health and safety policies and procedures agreed with the employer are Minimum handling and lifting; Ensure handling and lifting is carried out correctly and safely; Making sure all materials/equipment that is needed to be used is handled, stored and used safely; To be aware of any potential hazards and risks and how to reduce to liability of any accidents occurring; To be responsible for your own welfare and the welfare of others you are looking after; To wear the correct PPE at all times; Outline the main health and safety responsibilities of: Self The employer or manager Other in the work setting The main responsibilities for yourself whilst at work in a health and social care setting are to not put yourself or others at risk, to report any hazards or unsafe conditions, to co-operate with your employers, to not tamper with or misuse equipment provided, to attend training, be aware of and follow policies and procedures. Identify tasks relating to health and safety that should not be carried out without special training It generally takes special training to repair teeth. Prescribing medicine takes special training also. Explain how to access additional support and important relating to health and safety 1. Protect service users from harm and abuse 2. Be personally fit at work 3. Maintain health and safety at work 4. Assess risk associated with work 5. Report incidents at work Exampling why it is important to access health and safety hazards posed but the working set or by particular activities Than the individual will know how to behave when it comes to that specific situation Explain how and when to report potential health and safety risks that have been identified You should report it immediately to your supervisor. You do not need to wait for an inspection team to come by. In fact, health and safety legislation requires employees to report hazards to their supervisor. Explain how risk assessments can help address dilemmas between rights and health and safety concerns This follows from the previous dilemma question. Carrying out a risk assessment supports the individual to have their choice met in the safest way possible. For example, Freda doesnt want to use her Zimmer frame any more. A risk assessment might show her that she cant walk safely without some support, however she can manage with two sticks and she agrees to compromise. You have supported her rights of choice and kept her as safe as you can under your duty of care. Describe different types of accidents and sudden illness that may occur in own work setting Cuts and burns etc. in the kitchen, falls, back injuries though poor lifting techniques, strokes, heart attacks, diabetic emergencies, asthma attacks, allergic reactions and so on. Outline the procedures to be followed if an accident or sudden illness should occur Procedures to be followed: ensuring and maintaining safety for individuals concerned and others e. g.clearing the area, safely moving equipment if possible; remaining calm; sending for help; assessing the individual for injuries; administering basic first aid if necessary and if trained to do so; staying with the injured/sick individual until help arrives; observing and noting any changes in condition; providing a full verbal report to relevant medical staff or others; completing a full written report and relevant documentation e. g. acci dent report, incident report; understanding the policies, procedures and agreed ways of working for the work setting Identify legislation that relates to moving and handling This remains the basis of health and safety legislation, and Sets out the general duties which employers have towards employees and members of the public, and employees have to themselves and to each other (HSE, 1996) HSE leaflet Health and Safety Regulation (HSC 13) 1996 The Act states that employers must ensure, as far as reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of their employees whilst at work and any other persons affected by their business activities. The Act is a general piece of legislation and not specific to moving and handling so is not considered here in detail. Explain principles for moving and handling equipment and other objects safely The Manual Handling Operations Regulations define it as any transporting or supporting of a load (including the lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or by bodily force. In effect, any activity that requires an individual to lift, move or support a load, will be classified as a manual handling task. Identify three hazardous substances and materials that may be found in the working setting Asphyxiates Pesticides Medicines Cosmetics or Substances produced in the chemical processes Storing hazardous substances Using hazardous substances Substituting it with another substance which presents less, or no risk; Using another process which doesnt create a hazardous form of that substance. Disposing of hazardous substances and materials asbestos lead-acid batteries used engine oils and oil filters oily sludge’s solvents and solvent-based substances chemical wastes pesticides fluorescent light tubes Starting Good practice in health and safety is good for your business – and its the law. HSE is here to help – our online advice and tools can help save you time and effort getting started. Spreading Outline emergency procedures to be followed in the event of a fire in the work setting How you react in the event of fire depends on how well you have prepared for a fire emergency. Therefore, departments should ensure that all employees are familiar with the procedure to follow in the event of an emergency as outlined in the Universitys Emergency Plan. Explain why it is important to have security systems for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting Mainly because of HIPPA (Health Insurance Accounting and Portability Act) laws, which are designed to protect the medical records information of all patients. Because of HIPPA, hospital computer systems are accessed by employees via passwords, and unless an employee is entering or legitimately looking up information on a patient, that employee is not allowed to snoop through that patients records on a whim. Describe how to access guidance information and advice about handling information in your line of work ineffective or insufficiently trained management unfair treatment unclear job roles poor communications poor work environment lack of equal opportunities bullying and harassment unresolved problems from the past an increase in workload Explain what actions to take at working when there are concerns ever over the recording, storing or sharing of information The Data Protection Act requires you to process personal data fairly and lawfully. This section explains how to comply with this requirement, and gives examples of good practice in handling personal data. Explain employee’s roles and responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Prevention and control of infection The employee’s role and responsibilities include: To ensure that their own health and hygiene not pose a risk to service users and colleagues To ensure effective hand washing is carried out when working with service users, giving personal care, handling/preparing food. To ensure they use protective clothing provided when needed and appropriate. Explain employer’s responsibilities in relation to the prevention and control of infection Employers’ roles and responsibilities include: making sure employees are aware of the health and safety aspects of their work (e. g. posting information on notice boards, keeping an information file such as COSHH, training, and providing supervision) the need to keep records in relation to infection control using appropriate documentation to ensure that the relevant standards, policies and guidelines are available within the workplace Outline current legislation and regulatory body standards when are relevant to the prevention and control of infection relevant to the preventions and control infection The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 Both employers and employees are responsible for their own actions in the Work place. All reasonable steps should be taken when carrying out your work duties and all staff should have adequate health and safety training, and measures should be taken to ensure that policies and procedures are in place and adhered to. Describe how local and organizational policies relevant to the prevention and control of the infection Employees rights and responsibilities in the relation to the prevention and control of infection are to follow company’s policies and procedures, keep themselves safe and others, report any hazards which could lead to infection, attend relevant courses, use the PPE provided, keeping the work environment clean and tidy and to maintain good personal hygiene Describe procedures and systems relevant to the prevention and control of infection Food handling, waste disposal, cross infection through skin contact or unclean equipment etc., but mainly poor practice. Illness or death, inquiry, loss of registration, criminal charges. Think about PPI, waste disposal, hand washing, cleaning and decontamination, risk assessments etc. Infection protection and control policy, health and safety policy, dealing with accidents and emergencies policy, first aid policy, food hygiene policy, medica tion (handling meds) policy etc. Explain the potential impact of an outbreak of infection on the individual and the organizational Individual Short or long term illness, secondary conditions or further complications, depression, loss of trust in setting, death. Organisation sanctions, loss of reputation and trust, closure, prosecution. Environment distress of staff, individuals and families, unsettled atmosphere though loss of trust, disruption e. g. through an investigation and inspection or decontamination. Define the term risk A situation involving exposure to danger. Outline potential risks of infection within the workplace the first part of your question relates to local policies which are dictated by local peoples views on what is important to them as well as what the professionals think is important local and organisational policies have to consider local need and available local facilities. Describe the processes of carrying out a risk assessment 1. Identify the hazards 2. Decide who might be harmed and how 3. Evaluate the risks and decide on precaution 4. Record your findings and implement them 5. Review your assessment and update if necessary Explain the importance of carrying out a risk assessment Identify hazards. Analyse or evaluate the risk associated with that hazard. Determine appropriate ways to eliminate or control the hazard. In practical terms, a risk assessment is a thorough look at your workplace to identify those things, situations, processes, etc. that may cause harm, particularly to people. After identification is made, you evaluate how likely and severe the risk is, and then decide what measures should be in place to effectively prevent or control the harm from happening. Describe three different types of PPE and three USE PPE is equipment that will protect the user against health or safety risks at work. It can include items such as safety helmets, gloves, eye protection, high-visibility clothing, safety footwear and safety harnesses. It also includes respiratory protective equipment (RPE). State current relevant regulations and legislation relating PPE * Gloves- protect hands * Gowns/aprons-protect skin and/or clothing * Masks and respirators- protect mouse/ * Respirators- protect respiratory tract from airborne infectious agents. * Goggles- protect eyes * Face shields- protect face, mouth, nose, and eyes. Describe employer’s responsibilities regarding the use of PPE * It is the responsibility of employees to Ensure that they take reasonable care to protect their own health and safety and that of their co-workers and other persons in or near the workplace; * Report to management any hazardous or potentially hazardous conditions or risks that they identify in their work environment. * Participate in training provided by the employer, regarding the appropriate use, care, and maintenance of PPE. Describe employees in the application and removal of PPE The primary methods for preventing employee exposure to hazardous materials are engineering and administrative controls. Where these control methods are not appropriate or sufficient to control the hazard, personal protective equipment (PPE) is required. A work area assessment is required to determine the potential hazards and select the appropriate PPE for adequate protection. Employees must receive training which includes the proper PPE for their job, when this PPE must be worn, how to wear, adjust, maintain, and discard this equipment, and the limitations of the PPE. All training must be documented. Describe the current practices in the application and removal of PPE PPE such as gloves, aprons and masks are single use items and should be disposed of after each procedure or activity to prevent cross-transmission of micro-organisms. When these items are worn primarily to protect the wearer, the importance of their prompt removal between tasks on the same patient/client or between patients can easily be overlooked and give rise to the possibility of contamination. Describe the current procedures for disposal of used PPE Personal protective equipment – known as ‘PPE’ – is used to protect health care workers while performing specific tasks that might involve them coming into contact with infectious materials. Describe key principles of good personal hygiene Their hands are washed after theyve used the toilet Their genitals and anal area are washed every day Their face is washed daily They’re fully bathed or showered at least twice a week Describe the correct sequence for hand washing and when and why hand washing should be carried out the beginning of the shift preparing, handling and eating food donning gloves any patient contact clean/aseptic procedures entering/leaving clinical areas entering/leaving isolation cubicles preparing/giving medications using a computer keyboard in a clinical area Describe the types of products that should be used for hand washing The main products currently in use are: Soap Aqueous antiseptic hand wash solutions Alcohol-based hand rubs Others including emollient soap substitute, tea tree-oil based solutions, water-based solutions and hand wipes. Describe correct procedures that relates to skin care Work-related skin problems are very common. Although skin problems can happen in most workplaces, certain jobs present a higher risk, e. g. the health and social care sector.

Reticence :: essays research papers

Reticence THIS MORNING there was a dead cat in the harbor, a black cat that was floating on the surface of the water. It was straight and stiff and was drifting slowly along the side of a boat. From its mouth dangled a decomposed fish head with a piece of broken line about two inches long coming out of it. At the time I had simply imagined that this fish head was what remained of the bait from a discarded fishing line. The cat must have leaned into the water to catch the fish and, as he grabbed it, the hook caught in his mouth and he lost his balance and fell. The water of the harbor was very dark where I was standing, but from time to time I suspected there was a procession of fish, mullets and wrasse, passing silently below my eyes, while on the bottom, among the pebbles and algae, thousands of wriggling fry worked over the gutted remains of a decomposing eel. Before setting off again, I lingered a moment longer on the pier staring at the dead cat still drifting in the harbor in a very slow back and forth movement, first to the left, then to the right, following the imperceptible ebb and flow of the current at the surface of the water. I had arrived in Sasuelo at the end of October. It was already autumn and the tourist season was coming to an end. A taxi dropped me off one morning, bag and baggage, on the village square. The driver helped me undo my son's stroller from the roof-rack of the car, an old 504 diesel that he left running and that continued to hum slowly in place. Then he pointed in the direction of the only hotel in the area, that I was familiar with since I had already stayed there. I left my bags near a bench and set off in the direction of the hotel with my son who was installed in his stroller in front of me and paying no attention to anything around him, absorbed as he was in the contemplation of a toy seal that he turned over and over in his hands examining all its seams and releasing for the occasion an imperturbable burp as naturally as a prince. At the entrance of the hotel flowers lined a little flight of steps at the top of which opened double French doors, and I took the stroller in my arms to climb the steps. Reticence :: essays research papers Reticence THIS MORNING there was a dead cat in the harbor, a black cat that was floating on the surface of the water. It was straight and stiff and was drifting slowly along the side of a boat. From its mouth dangled a decomposed fish head with a piece of broken line about two inches long coming out of it. At the time I had simply imagined that this fish head was what remained of the bait from a discarded fishing line. The cat must have leaned into the water to catch the fish and, as he grabbed it, the hook caught in his mouth and he lost his balance and fell. The water of the harbor was very dark where I was standing, but from time to time I suspected there was a procession of fish, mullets and wrasse, passing silently below my eyes, while on the bottom, among the pebbles and algae, thousands of wriggling fry worked over the gutted remains of a decomposing eel. Before setting off again, I lingered a moment longer on the pier staring at the dead cat still drifting in the harbor in a very slow back and forth movement, first to the left, then to the right, following the imperceptible ebb and flow of the current at the surface of the water. I had arrived in Sasuelo at the end of October. It was already autumn and the tourist season was coming to an end. A taxi dropped me off one morning, bag and baggage, on the village square. The driver helped me undo my son's stroller from the roof-rack of the car, an old 504 diesel that he left running and that continued to hum slowly in place. Then he pointed in the direction of the only hotel in the area, that I was familiar with since I had already stayed there. I left my bags near a bench and set off in the direction of the hotel with my son who was installed in his stroller in front of me and paying no attention to anything around him, absorbed as he was in the contemplation of a toy seal that he turned over and over in his hands examining all its seams and releasing for the occasion an imperturbable burp as naturally as a prince. At the entrance of the hotel flowers lined a little flight of steps at the top of which opened double French doors, and I took the stroller in my arms to climb the steps.

Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeares King Lear :: essays research papers

Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher. Wisdom and Foolishness in Shakespeare's King Lear :: essays research papers Tragedies are dominated by contrasts and conflicts between various entities such as, good and evil, legitimate and illegitimate, appearance and reality and so on. Another contrast is between wisdom and foolishness. If one associates foolishness with madmen and fools one will be surprised to find that in a tragedy such as King Lear this is not the case. Shakespeare portrays, the sane characters such as Kent and Cordelia as fools by virtue of loyalty, love and their willingness to speak the truth. On the otherhand, the Madman, Tom o’Bedlam and the fool are depicted as the true figures of wisdom. Moreover mirroring all this is King Lear’s transition from foolish behaviour through madness achieving wisdom. Cordelia and Kent may classify as sane characters but still their behaviour is foolish. Cordelia and Kent speak the truth which Lear does not want to hear. Their behaviour is foolish as they confront Lear, a mighty fortress of pride, in their willingness to be true and loyal to a father and to a king. Cordelia cannot heave her heart into her mouth and speaks plain, â€Å"I love your majesty according to my bond no more nor less†. In doing this she risks displeasing her father, furthermore she continues to displease him when she tries to make him realize his foolish behaviour. In the end she is willing to give her life for a father who has wronged her (when she returns to rescue him). Likewise Kent is also wronged when he confronts Lear with the true reality of things. In doing this he sacrifices his identity as Earl. Kent again risks his life when in disguise he returns to serve Lear again. In the end there are suggestions that he will follow Lear, his master, to the grave. Therefore, if the sane characters commit foolish actions, obeying the same paradox, the implications are that Tom o’Bedlam and the fool have to be wise. The role of the fool in the play is to remind Lear of his foolish behaviour in giving everything to his two daughters and in banishing Cordelia. The audience can get much insight in the words of the fool. This was not new to the Elizabethan audience as it was a theatrical convention that the fool would speak the truth. Likewise is poor Tom o’Bedlam (Edgar in disguise). In him Lear finds reason and calls him philosopher.

Fact and Fancy in Hard Times Essay

Discuss the significance of Fact and Fancy in Hard Times with particular reference to Dickens’ presentation of the worlds of Sleary’s circus and Coketown. You should focus closely on techniques used and effects created and how both of these things shape our response, as readers, to the text. Dickens uses a range of techniques to present the idea of the importance of and contrast between Fact and Fancy, such as the settings of the contrasting ‘worlds’ in the novel, imagery, and the very language he uses. Dickens lived in an era of growing industrial powers, where the ‘hands’ inside ravenous factories were many and depersonalised. With such an economy rapidly expanding, it could be considered the only logical that the value placed upon emotion, leisure and human compassion was hastily replaced by a focus on work ethic, greed and a strong class segregation. The rapid changes of the time benefited some people long before others. Dickens is concerned with those still waiting for improvements and raises key moral and social questions in his writing, mainly focusing upon the need for schooling, the cruelty to and corruption of children, the problems arising from rapid industrialisation and the problems created by emphasis on social class and newly acquired wealth. All of which can be seen in Hard Times. Dickens was, however criticised in his time. Gissing said that he â€Å"did not know the North of England† and that the character of Blackpool was a â€Å"mere model of meekness†. So this perceived representation of the industrial town and working class characters could be looked at sceptically by readers. To present the differences between fact and fancy Dickens uses setting: an important technique at his disposal to instil in the readers mind a clear visualisation of the differentiating places using imagery not just simple description. In this case the contrast between harsh industry and the compassion of human nature. Dickens describes Coketown as â€Å"a town of machinery and tall chimneys†, instantly giving the reader the image of an industrial Northern town, similar to the representation of Victorian industry towns and cities in modern media adaptations of Victorian novels. With its â€Å"black canal† and a river that â€Å"runs purple with ill smelling dye† the reader is instantly aware of the unpleasant setting Dickens’ creates. The bricks of the buildings here â€Å"would have been red if the smoke and ashes  allowed it†: the smoke is conditioned to be connected with the very name of Coketown. Using the colour â€Å"black† further emphasises the darkness of the industrialised Coketown, and ‘purple’ a show of contrasting fact and fancy. That is, purple in the canal being artificial yet a factual occurrence and even a product of the philosophy of fact practiced in Coketown. Ironically, Dickens uses creative metaphors in his representation of this world of facts, such as the comparison between the imagery in Coketown – the â€Å"painted face of a savage† where the reader could infer a contextual meaning – Dickens attempt to portray a supposedly civilised society truly being a savage and cruel society. The â€Å"interminable serpents of smoke† where one could consider a religious aspect – the serpent leading human kind into sin in the Garden of Eden, representing Dickens view of society of his time being led astray by the ever increasing industrialisation. The steam-engine working up and down like â€Å"an elephant in a state of melancholy madness† which supplies the reader with a depressive visualisation of the heavy, monotonous and slow industry and how it must feel to be seemingly trapped in this factory; the feeling of slowly going ‘mad’ with the repetition. Comparing these uses of imagery to Slearys circus, the reader becomes aware of a great deal of care on Dickens part from the carefully placed contrasting images. The Pegasus, the winged horse that wouldn’t be accepted in the Fact philosophy of Coketown, appears twice in the chapter titled â€Å"Slearys’ Horsemanship†. The second occurrence of which is described as â€Å"theatrical†, covered with â€Å"golden stars† with a harness of â€Å"red silk†. These all directly contradict the metaphorical animals used in Coketowns description, and the monotonous smoke stained effect given to the reader. The horse – a grand, proud â€Å"Quadruped† animal, fast, strong and agile, comparatively to the slow mad elephant of Coketown is metaphorically symbolic of not only the contrasting people of the two settings, but the places themselves and the community each possess. Contrastingly to the use of colours in the description of Coketown, the circus is filled with colours such as ‘golden’ and ‘red’, these colours being of royalty and leisure, ironically to the supposedly lesser setting of the novel. The very fabric of silk itself is a luxurious commodity. Slearys’ circus can be seen  as a place where the reader can finally ‘breathe’, away from the smoke and industrialisation that compresses them while they read of Coketown. The reader becomes aware of the significance of the difference between the two by careful detail Dickens includes and the techniques he uses. The contrast between fact and fancy is also presented in theme of education, and its characters. The school is there to instil â€Å"nothing but facts† into the children. The class room is bare, no colours or imagination, and the teachers equally stern and monotonous (almost the point of â€Å"madeness†). The use dialogue at the beginning of the novel gives Dickens the opportunity to ridicule one of the philosophers of fact in Coketown, Mr Gradgrind. The specific choice of language is worth noting as an important example of the mocking of the coldness of fact in both the world in Hard Times and contextually the Victorian era. The phrase â€Å"root out everything else†, more specifically â€Å"root†, Dickens may be presenting his dislike of the coldness towards imagination and the emotional response in the Victorian era itself by referring to the supposedly ‘non-factual’ parts of the self comparatively to weeds amongst the theoretical crop of what the Victorians classed as the intellect. The description of the other character presented in the beginning chapters, the schoolmaster Mr M’Chokemchild, is also an important example of character differences: â€Å"(†¦) some one hundred and forty (†¦) turned at the same time, (†¦) same factory, (†¦) same principles, like so many pianoforte legs†. He describes them as being made all the same, namely with the same principles, mocking the Victorian rigid beliefs. Once more, the language Dickens choses- this time he depersonalises them to emotionless characters by comparing them to mere â€Å"pianoforte legs† – to be at the foundation of and hold up the body of the fraudulent founders of the philosophy of Fact. Dickens also subtly shows the uselessness of the philosophy by the way the children, whom are supposedly â€Å"educated†, appear. For example, Louisa, who is educated by Mr Grandgrind: â€Å"(†¦) a fire with nothing to burn, a starved imagination keeping life in itself somehow(†¦)† A strongly repressed passionate young girl who through education has become depressed and cold. And Blitzer, who eagerly adhered to Grandgrinds’ teachings as a child growing up to become a uncompassionate egotist: he becomes the light porter at Bounderby’s bank, spies on Tom and the other clerks, and only follows the  economic principle of complete self-interest. Dickens tries to show how education so greatly shapes a person’s character by using the space of time that passes in the novel to show the growth of the children. More importantly to show how the forced factual education has a damaging effect on individuals – innocent individuals. This ‘killing’ of compassion in the children could be considered to be Dickens way of presenting the damage caused by ‘fact’ in society. The reader could infer that the presentation of the battle between fact and fancy, or even the mere existence of it, is significant because Dickens is presenting a contextual view into the society he is living in. Dickens was rebelling against the way imagination and compassion was viewed and the way knowledge was defined, by reflecting to readers this world and the battle between Fact and Fancy. Bibliography Dickens, Hard Times, Penguin Classics (July 2007) George Gissing â€Å"Dickens and the Working Class† (1898)

Leadership pipeline

Leadership pipeline Skills which future leaders require Future leaders of the organization will need to possess strategic management skills as this will be critical in top leadership situations. Instances of expansions through mergers or acquisition are becoming quite rampant. Alternatively, new opportunities to either change product design or introduce new ones are always lurking (Biggs 106). Therefore, one must know how to handle such scenarios through sound strategic decisions.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership pipeline specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A leader should also be familiar with financial skills as management of stock prices is critical in maintaining peak performance. Large organizations like Mattel reported dismal performance under a new leader because it lacked skills on how to handle Wall Street (Conger Fulmer 81). To attain the mission and vision of the company, future leaders will require knowledge in marketing and public relations. The firm’s survival is dependent on how much revenue it can generate, and management of the company image is imperative in this arena. For instance, a product scare may arise in a different part of the world (Charan 77). The leader needs to coordinate public relations efforts that would restore the company’s reputation. Failure to do so could lead to the loss of loyal consumers. One must have operational skills that allow the person to manage product –related issues. Leaders who only have strategic and theoretical knowledge may make unwise decisions, which are unrelated to the goings-on on the ground. Having people skills is also critical for the future survival of the organization. Leaders need to know how to build consensus so as to cause the organization to move forward. People skills also entail knowing how to resolve conflicts, delegate duties as well as communicate effectively with individuals. Some of these skills can be ta ught formally through training classes. However, most of them require exposure to situations that involve them (Rothwell 32). This is the point where leadership development becomes relevant. For leaders to achieve the vision and mission of the company, they need to undergo job rotations at junior level and then continue to do so at mid and higher levels so as to become competent. How high potential leaders ought to be identified High potential leaders should be analyzed through a talent assessment system. This approach ought to involve the employee, his or her former and current supervisors, human resource management, as well as other senior level organizational leaders (Holincheck 18). All employees need to know that they are under continuous assessment.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company needs to meet with these employees at least once a month to kn ow the extent of their progress (Karaevli and Hall 77). Senior managers and the human resource team should meet with current and former supervisors of the employee so as to discuss their opportunities for growth. For instance, they may decide that the assistant store manager for a certain branch lacks experience in store layouts. The person may be given a transfer to a branch that has perfected this practice so as to learn from it. Therefore having regular assessments of team members is a significant way of identifying potential leaders. The company should identify its leaders starting with lynchpin positions. This will allow them to safeguard positions that are critical to the success of the organization. They need to give potential candidates for this positions access to organizational information on their skills, competencies and potential for leadership. They can offer access through a secure database. The company needs to track ready candidates and focus on expanding the pool ( Kur and Bunning 762). Currently, the organization under consideration normally focuses on hierarchal positions within the company. For instance, if the supplies-and-logistics manager leaves the company or retires, senior management will consider his assistant to take up the task. If the assistant appears uninterested or lacks the right qualities, then the company will hire from outside. This approach is reactive and shortsighted. The company only identifies leaders when there is a gap and someone needs to fill it. The company has missed out on promising candidates merely because it is so rigid in its approach. Furthermore, the lack of a long term focus on the matter implies that the company will not develop people sufficiently to handle the new responsibilities (Berke 55). Some of them may not be mentally prepared for such opportunities owing to the lack of strategic methods of leadership identification.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Leadership pipel ine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essential developmental experiences Development needs to occur through classroom training in some instances. However, this should not be the sole focus of the experience; it will only work if the company combines it with a range of practical approaches. Leaders need certain technical skills that may assist them in performing their jobs, and this can only be learnt in formal classrooms (Caruso et. al. 44). A case in point is management of the supplies-and-logistics department. A leader will perform his job effectively if the person has some technical knowledge on logistics management. Some training experience in development is necessary. Perhaps one of the most significant developmental experiences is job rotations. Leaders have an opportunity to get past their comfort zones whenever they move from one position to the next. It gives them a holistic view of the organization and causes them to understand how the different aspects of the company depend on each other (Charan et. al. 55). This approach also builds the skills base of employees as it augments their academic credentials with practical experience. Special assignments are also a critical method of carrying out leadership development. This method provides individuals with an opportunity to acquire managerial skills. It causes them to expand their strategic capabilities without hurting the company’s bottom line (Allio 22). Whenever by people who do not have much experience make strategic decisions, there is the risk that they might make the wrong ones. However, if senior leaders delegate a special assignment concerning a small joint venture is to an upcoming leader, then the company will not suffer tremendously if the venture underperforms. The risk is worth taking because it is small and provides so much experience on the part of the employee. Furthermore, special assignments reduce the need to wait for job vacancies bef ore real leadership responsibility can be practiced (Britt 12). Even when opportunities for senior management are few, employees can still practice leadership skills through this approachAdvertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Linchpin jobs in the clothing retail organization under consideration involve the operation of stores. The supplies-and-procurement position is a critical job; it determines the rate at which clothes enter the company and how effectively the firm meets customers’ needs. The store manager is also pivotal to the success of the company because he is in touch with clients on a regular basis. The individual assesses their reactions to prices, sizes and designs. He is the bridge between senior management and consumers so he can give feedback to them whenever something critical arises. Another linchpin job is the sales and marketing position. This person informs consumers about new designs, promotions and bonuses. Since the fashion industry is quite dynamic and competitive, one needs to be in constant communication with one’s consumers. Allio, Robert. â€Å"Interview: Noel M. Tichy explains why the virtuous teaching cycle is integral to effective leadership.† Strategy Leadership 31.5(2003): 20-6. Print. Berke, David. Succession planning and management: A Guide to organizational systems and practices. Greensboro, North Carolina: Center for Creative Leadership, 2005. Print. Biggs, Errol. â€Å"CEO succession planning: an emerging challenge for boards of directors.† Academy of Management Executive 18.1(2004): 105-7. Print. Britt, Julie.â€Å"It’s time to get serious about succession planning.† HR Magazine 48.11(2003):12. Print. Caruso, Karen, Leah Groehler and Jim Perry. Current Trends in Succession Planning and Management. 2012. Web. viapeople.com/Current_Trends_in_SPM.pdf Charan, Ram. â€Å"Ending the CEO succession crisis.† Harvard Business Review 83. 2(2005): 72-81. Print. Charan, Ram, Stephen Drotter and James Noel. The Leadership Pipeline. Josse Bass, San Francisco, CA, 2001. Print. Conger, Jay Robert Fulmer. â€Å"Developing your leadership pipeline.† Harvard Business Review, 81.12(2003):76-84, Print. Hol incheck, James. Building the benefits case for talent management application investments. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 2008. Print. Karaevli, Ayse and Douglas Hall. â€Å"Growing leaders for turbulent times: Is succession planning up to the challenge?† Organizational Dynamics 32.1(2003): 62-79. Print. Kur, Ed and Richard Bunning. â€Å"Assuring corporate leadership for the future† Journal of Management Development 21. 9 (2002): 761-79. Print. Rothwell, William. â€Å"Putting success into your succession planning.†Journal of Business Strategy 23.3 (2002): 32. Print.

Exceptional Women Eleanor of Aquitaine and Hildegard of Bingen essays

Exceptional Women Eleanor of Aquitaine and Hildegard of Bingen essays Norman Cantor (1999) has noted that the lives of medieval women were as diverse as those of men, and that women in this era contributed to all the major movements that spelled success for an emerging European civilization. Nevertheless, women in the Middle Ages were, regardless of their position, status or birth, regarded as legitimately inferior to men and as of necessity submissive to their fathers and husbands and brothers (Weir, 2000). Even in the case of Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine - wife to two kinds and mother of two more - a misstep could result in imprisonment at the behest of a husband (Cantor, 1994; Kaufman, 2002). Other women such as St. Hildegard of Bingen, who chose the religious over the secular life, may have experienced a slightly greater degree of autonomy than even a queen such a Eleanor. In both cases, however, the privileged status of these two women ensured that they would live longer, healthier, and more productive lives (including lives of the intellect) than their less well-placed peers Ordinary women in the Middle Ages could be roughly divided into three or four groups. Women born into the ruling or noble families could count on some education and also on being used as bartering chips in their families' quest for power and status. Women of the merchant classes were less free and less privileged, while women of the peasant class lived lives that were short, harsh and subservient. Women who elected to choose the religious life - or had it chosen for them by their fathers or other relatives - had many privileges as well, but limited freedom of activity (Labarge, 1986). In almost all cases, women were very much subject to the rule and domination of their male relatives before marriage or husbands after marriage; if they chose the abbey or the cloister, they accepted the rule of the Church. Even an important abbess such as Hildegard of Bingen wa...

Saying Could in Spanish Using Poder and Other Verbs

Saying Could in Spanish Using Poder and Other Verbs Although the English auxiliary verb could is typically thought of as the past tense of the verb can, it shouldnt always be translated to Spanish as a past tense of poder. Could usually can be translated as a form of poder (a verb typically meaning to be able), however. Following are some of the common ways that could is used in English and various ways the idea can be expressed in Spanish. Translating Could When It Means Was Able or Were Able Usually, you can use the preterite tense of poder if youre talking about a one-time event or a specific period in time, but the imperfect tense should be used if youre talking about an indefinite period. The miner couldnt leave the tunnel. El minero no pudo salir del tà ºnel. (The sentence refers to an ability that existed at a particular and limited time, so the preterite is used.)I couldnt leave the city more than once a year. Yo no podà ­a salir de la ciudad ms que una vez por aà ±o. (The sentence refers to a ability that existed over an indefiite time, so the imperfect is used.)We could always count on him for advice. Siempre podà ­amos contar con à ©l para sugerencias.After five hours I could finally do it. Despuà ©s de cinco horas por fin pude hacerlo.I thought I could do it better. Pensà © que yo podà ­a hacerlo mejor.Couldnt you see the solar eclipse?  ¿No pudiste ver el eclipse solar? Although the distinction isnt always a clear one, if by saying was able or were able you mean knew how to, the verb saber is often preferable, usually in the imperfect tense: Obviously, he thought I could drive. Obviamente, à ©l creà ­a que yo sabà ­a manejar.We could make fantastic sand castles. Sabà ­amos construir fantsticos castillos de arena. Translating Could as a Suggestion or Request In English we often use could as a substitute for can in order to be polite or to soften the tone of what were saying. You can do much the same thing in Spanish by using the conditional tense of poder, although often the present tense works just as well. For example, to say, You could come with me to fish for trout, you could say either Puedes ir conmigo a pescar truchas or Podrà ­as ir conmigo a pescar truchas. Translating Expressions Such as If I Could Expressions such as if I could usually use the imperfect subjunctive: If I could turn back time, I wouldnt have answered the telephone. Si yo pudiera regresar el tiempo, no habrà ­a contestado el telà ©fono.If he could eat cake instead of vegetables he would be very happy. Si à ©l pudiera comer el postre en vez de vegetales à ©l serà ­a muy feliz.If we could see it, we would buy it. Si pudià ©ramos verlo, lo comprarà ­amos. Discussing What Could Have Been A common way of saying that something could have been, but wasnt, is to use the preterite of poder followed by haber. If something might have occurred over an indefinite time, the imperfect might also be used. It could have been worse. Pudo haber sido peor.The team could have been much more aggressive. El equipo pudo haber sido mucho ms agresivo.With more time, we could have eliminated more of the mistakes. Con ms tiempo, pudià ©ramos haber eliminado algunos ms de los errores.They could have saved my son. Podà ­an haber a mi hijo. Translating Could in Expressions of Possibility Various expressions of possibility can often be used to translate could when it means that something is possible. Often the present tense of poder can be used as well. One way to translate sentences using could in that way is to think of an alternative way of expressing the idea in English, and then translating to Spanish. The following translations arent the only ones possible: They could be the same person. Es posible que sean las mismas personas. (Literally, it is possible that they are the same persons.)It could be my imagination. Posiblemente sea mi imaginacià ³n. (Literally, it is possible that it is my imagination.)I could leave now. Ahora puedo salir. (Literally, I can leave now.)If we want to, we could take a walk through the city. Si queremos, podemos dar un paseo por la ciudad. (Literally, if we want to, we can take a walk through the city.)

Architecture of Al Andalus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Architecture of Al Andalus - Essay Example The exposure to these buildings helped eliminate the previous prejudices, and valuing the art in respect to Islamic architecture, which is prevalent in Islamic countries and cities. The existence of an autonomous territory during the caliphate period called Ath-Thagr al-ala led to the use of the terms Thagr or Zagri to define the Islamic architecture in Aragon (Anderson and Rosser-Owen 73). The cultural manifestation of religion, nation and ethnic movement is expressed intensely in the city especially a strong sense of orientalism. One of the major contributors to the change in the architecture is mobility of the Islamic culture. The mobility led to the realization of orientation and freedom. The developed of attraction led to the increase in travelers which brought about change as a result of new intellectual artist arriving in the city. The combination of the Islamic and the Spanish Islamic culture in Al-Andalusia is an indication of the existence of movement between the towns and the integration of the various forms of architecture in designing of houses in the area (Eaves 165). However, the Spanish Islamic architecture has not been clearly studied leading to serious challenges in the evaluation of the changes in the new designs. The presence of the Caliphal art with formal characteristics of the mosque-Aljama of Cordova indicates the existence of integration between different forms of culture and architecture (Eaves 167). During the 10th and 11th century, systemic use of masonry and elegant use of Caliphal fabric was common because many inhabitants used horse shoe arch or the lobeled arc in the design process. However, the incorporation of the Granada kingdom into the Castile kingdom under the supervision of King Aragon Ferdinand led to the protection of all the Moslem building in Granada (Barnet 78). The approach

Globalization and Implementation Plan Research Paper

Globalization and Implementation Plan - Research Paper Example But according to the World Banks 2009 report, there is an excessive bureaucratic red tape in Morocco and it stands as a constraint for the economy becoming competitive and investors are found reluctant to take the risk. For this purpose that is to provide facilitation for foreign investment, the government has worked upon creating a number of Regional Investment Centre that is to minimize and speed up the administrative procedures. There is an uncontrolled system of disposal of wastes in the areas that are basically surrounding the big cities in Morocco and this causes a huge environmental concern. One of the basic elements is the rapid growth in urbanization. The awareness level of the people related to this concern can be found to be at a very limited level. In a country like Morocco which is at a developing state one can get advantage of cheap labour and there is a strong need for the service of waste recycling. Morocco is one of the most famous Arab countries with a population of about 31,627,428 and almost 56% is urbanized. The country has a main resource of Phosphates and its other markets include arts and crafts, tourism and leather goods. The county is facing some environmental issues which include the degradation of land, water contamination and many more and is taking steps for environmental modification. To cater this problem a number of foreign agreements are taking place in Morocco and a number of friendly environmental law provide a favourable climate to conduct business in Morocco. The government also allows Foreign Direct Investment in all main sectors. The phosphates and other sewage is being dumped into landfills and the country has no system of waste recycling for this working upon a waste recycling system with low cost machinery and getting the labour from Morocco as the countries main concern these days is the rise in unemployment level and this provides a win-win situatio n to both

The Arranged Marriage or Love Marriage Research Paper

The Arranged Marriage or Love Marriage - Research Paper Example Love and arranged marriages can take other forms including polygamy which is a form of marriage where a man marries more than one woman or a woman getting married to more than one man. However, in 1862, Abraham Lincoln made polygamy a criminal offence in the United States as well as persons who were in such relationships were innumerable (Batabyal and Beladi, 2002). Nonetheless, there was a belief that an individual must have had more than one partner so they could go to heaven. Polygyny is a marriage with more than one partner at the same time and polyandry is a woman who (Applbaum, 1995) marries more than one man at the same time (Gupta, 1976). Endogamy is marriage to several wives or husbands from the same family, community, tribe, or social group. Since the advent of marriage, marriage scenarios have immensely changed across different cultures and societies across the world. Women have since been given equal marriage right has men. During the medieval period, women were faced full responsibility of their marriages and religion. On numerous occasions, marriages have been significantly pegged on other several reasons other than love. In some cases, economic liaison was taken to be the main reason behind marriages. In most cases, there were dowry as well as proxy marriages. In the case of dowry marriages, bride and his family are expected to pay dowry to the family of the groom. The dowry may be in the form of money or present (Applbaum, 1995). However, there some cultures that requires the groom’s family to pay dowry to the bride. Significantly, few marriages in the world require any sort of courtship or dating. Despite differences in nature and types of marriages, the culture of engagement ring is a universal customary i n marriage. The use of engagement ring can be traced back from the ancient Roman. There was a belief that the roundness of the ring represented the concept of an eternal relationship (Gupta, 1976). Additionally, there is a belief that the ring and the adorn finger ring directly connects the nerves and the heart. Marriage is considered a secret bond, as opposed to physical connectivity (Allendorf and Ghimire, 2012). Notably, Saint Paul once compared the marriage relationship to the relationship between Christ and the Church. Arranged marriage This marriage can be traced from the aristocratic and royal families all over the world. Currently, arranged marriages are largely practiced in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Africa, and south Asia (Cherlin, 2004). In the south Asia, arranged marriages are common in nations including India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Moreover, the practise is also found between the Hasidic Judaism and the Unification Church. Arranged marriage should never be confused with the forced marriage (Gupta, 1976). Arranged

Something interesting in Film Studies (Which University College Dissertation

Something interesting in Film Studies (Which University College London) will be interested - Dissertation Example The current research intends to fill the gap in research and aims to evaluate how the present day Cinematographers perceive the changes have impacted their work environment and also the quality of work that they perform. The current research is expected to explore the changing role of the cinematographers in major Hollywood studio, with the aim of understanding if the concept of director of photography has evolved or diminished over time. Research Question The main research questions that guide the research are: -Is the theoretical and practical knowledge of cinematography still more important than using latest technology? -What is the role of instinct, intuition and experience in the current arena of Cinematography? -How has the introduction of latest technology and technicians in Cinematography department altered the work environment, communications and cooperation    It is essential to ask this question as current day cinematography is largely about lights, animation, after-effe cts, audio-visual effects – activities that are undertaken post the shooting (Cunningham, 2005). The work involved in Cinematography today involves personnel other than the cinematographer (LoBrutto, 1999), and hence it becomes important to understand how the work of soft factors related to communications, work-interactions, attitudes and behaviors impact on the overall cinematic process.       Review of Literature The introduction of digital technology, the fast pace of technological advancement and the changing expectations of an audience that is increasingly tech savvy (Hoffmann, 2008), have posed wide challenges for film cinematography (Brown, 2011; Mascelli, 2009) and spawned a new generation of cinematographers. However, personal reports from cinematographers (Rogers, 2000; Rogers, 1998; Bergery, 2002; Ellis, 2011) and several prior researches (Schaefer and Salvato, 1986)   have provided insights about probable problems and issues that digital imagery and the invo lvement of multiple technicians the ‘Digital Imagery specialists’ brings to cinematographer’s job (Ballinger, 2004). While the technical quality of cinematography has improved tremendously (Greenhalgh, 2003), it appears that the intuitive and inherent talent of the cinematographers is perhaps not being utilized to the fullest (Malkiewicz and Gryboski, 2002). A preliminary review of the available literature has revealed that some work has been done, especially via interviews of cinematographer, to assess their experiences and perceptions about the profession. However, none of the previous research has aimed to specifically explore how the changes in the soft factors – the interpersonal interactions, communications, cooperation that the latest technology entails - impact on the work of the Cinematographers. The current research therefore aims to provide a more holistic insight about the changes that Cinematographers have to deal with, and the impact on their work. Research Methods In order to explore the current and changing role of cinematographers, both secondary and primary research is proposed. The secondary research is undertaken using an exhaustive

To Build or Buy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

To Build or Buy - Essay Example With the growing advent of advanced technological aspect within the present day organizations and increased level of competitors herein, it has become essential for every organization to take effective decision. Execution of inappropriate decisions in recent business scenario will create hurdle for the small business firms in case of sustainability. Strategic decision making is considered to be a process in which vital decisions are made through implementation of management tools available to analyze the problems. These problems can result from decisions that involve adequate risk and uncertainty. It is assumed that a decision taken strategically can overcome hurdles that may arise during the process of analysis, examining of methods for structuring and while forming the model decision dilemma (Williams, 2001). The paper intends to provide a vivid description about the feasibility of building up a new business or buying an established one. It also provides an in depth insight about v arious business concepts require for small business sustainability in the global competitive market scenario. Discussion 1. A Brief Strategy for a Business Concept That Would Directly Compete With the Small Business The implementation of strategic management, while framing vital decision in any business has become an important aspect for any commercial association. The vital reason behind the implementation of strategic management in one business is that, it not only helps a business in taking effective decision but also assist to mitigate the rising issues of growing competitiveness. Bookstore in America is measured as an essential part of an individuals’ life. However, with the advent of technological aspect in the academic sector has changed the interest of the civilians in the United States of America (USA). Bookstores usually act as an intermediate amid the people and the writer or publisher of a book. Considering the Bookstore sector business, establishment of the cafe cum bookstore will provide an accelerated growth and profit related to the small business set up. The advents of technology in one’s life have changed the way in, which the people used to complete their task decades ago. Therefore adapting the technological aspect can help in creating a business that would flourish and provide tough competitions to other book stores located in the market (Woodward, 2005). In this context, the proposed business would be a book store along with a coffee shop. Furthermore, it has been viewed that in present day, people get very limited time for relaxation as a part of their recreational activity, because of the accelerated competition, job-pressure and adaptation of busy routine. It has been observed that individuals’ like to spend their spare time in a cafe’ shop or watching movies with their friends and families as the part of the recreational activities. Therefore, establishment of a cafe cum book store would attract more indivi duals, who have moved out of their house for gaining knowledge or is employed as personnel. In this aspect the business would mainly target the aforementioned group of individuals’. They can come in the book store to gain knowledge along with some short of refreshments. Additionally it would also provide them opportunities to make few friends in the locality. Furthermore, the business would be technologically advanced. For instance the business would provide a Wi-Fi facility that would allow customers to access the internet

Something interesting in Film Studies (Which University College Dissertation

Something interesting in Film Studies (Which University College London) will be interested - Dissertation Example The current research intends to fill the gap in research and aims to evaluate how the present day Cinematographers perceive the changes have impacted their work environment and also the quality of work that they perform. The current research is expected to explore the changing role of the cinematographers in major Hollywood studio, with the aim of understanding if the concept of director of photography has evolved or diminished over time. Research Question The main research questions that guide the research are: -Is the theoretical and practical knowledge of cinematography still more important than using latest technology? -What is the role of instinct, intuition and experience in the current arena of Cinematography? -How has the introduction of latest technology and technicians in Cinematography department altered the work environment, communications and cooperation    It is essential to ask this question as current day cinematography is largely about lights, animation, after-effe cts, audio-visual effects – activities that are undertaken post the shooting (Cunningham, 2005). The work involved in Cinematography today involves personnel other than the cinematographer (LoBrutto, 1999), and hence it becomes important to understand how the work of soft factors related to communications, work-interactions, attitudes and behaviors impact on the overall cinematic process.       Review of Literature The introduction of digital technology, the fast pace of technological advancement and the changing expectations of an audience that is increasingly tech savvy (Hoffmann, 2008), have posed wide challenges for film cinematography (Brown, 2011; Mascelli, 2009) and spawned a new generation of cinematographers. However, personal reports from cinematographers (Rogers, 2000; Rogers, 1998; Bergery, 2002; Ellis, 2011) and several prior researches (Schaefer and Salvato, 1986)   have provided insights about probable problems and issues that digital imagery and the invo lvement of multiple technicians the ‘Digital Imagery specialists’ brings to cinematographer’s job (Ballinger, 2004). While the technical quality of cinematography has improved tremendously (Greenhalgh, 2003), it appears that the intuitive and inherent talent of the cinematographers is perhaps not being utilized to the fullest (Malkiewicz and Gryboski, 2002). A preliminary review of the available literature has revealed that some work has been done, especially via interviews of cinematographer, to assess their experiences and perceptions about the profession. However, none of the previous research has aimed to specifically explore how the changes in the soft factors – the interpersonal interactions, communications, cooperation that the latest technology entails - impact on the work of the Cinematographers. The current research therefore aims to provide a more holistic insight about the changes that Cinematographers have to deal with, and the impact on their work. Research Methods In order to explore the current and changing role of cinematographers, both secondary and primary research is proposed. The secondary research is undertaken using an exhaustive

The Great Inflation of the 1970s in the United States Term Paper

The Great Inflation of the 1970s in the United States - Term Paper Example From this research it is clear that the Great Inflation of the 1970s was a period that epitomized the United States’ struggle with double-digit inflation rates beginning early in the 1970s until early 1980s. As asserted by many authors and in many literatures, post World War II economists and politicians toyed with certain ideas proposed by Keynesian economics. According to this type of economics, it is possible to trade off inflation and employment to achieve some economic stability and growth, albeit for a short-term objective. According to this school of thought, small amounts of inflation could be allowed to help lower unemployment rates, thereby, attaining higher overall economic output. The main weakness of the Keynesian economics was that despite the fact that inflation may lead to increased employment; such a strategy only has short-term effects. For example, a lot of cash in circulation results in boosted demand for goods and services and a corresponding drop in inter est rates. Interestingly, people always mistake this influx in money supply with wealth, thus, increase their spending and demand for goods and services. Unfortunately, it would later require a higher rate of inflation to achieve the same economic effects. In the case of the Great Inflation of the 1970s, the United States was experiencing both high unemployment and inflation, a situation that the Keynesian economists would somehow consider impossible. ... ore, although a central bank may tirelessly try to formulate and implement monetary policies that would curb inflation, the immediate negative economic effects of these policies and political pressures force most central banks relenting and inflation returning (Bulkley, p135). Simply put, inflation refers to a general increase in the prices of goods and services and/or cost of living over a given period. Accompanying this increase in prices is the weakening of a currency, implying that such a currency buys fewer items than before the inflation. In other words, the purchasing power of a currency is reduced day by day, which is measured by the rate of inflation. The rate of inflation is the percentage change in the general price index, calculated as an annual figure. Although a high inflation rate is bad for an economy, a zero or a negative one is equally bad unlike a low inflation rate, which is beneficial to a country. For instance, a high inflation is found to interfere with the beh aviors of consumers who may want to buy their requirements in advance, fearing further increases in commodity prices (White, p10). This consumer behavior has an effect of stabilizing the market by way of creating preventable shortages. This paper explores the Great Inflation of 1970s in the United States concerning its background, effects, causes, and the monetary policies in the preceding and succeeding years. The Great Depression Most scholars, economists and historians have described the Great Inflation of the 1970s as one of the biggest economic gaps in the history of not only the United States but also of other countries around the world. Also described as the biggest domestic blunder ever for the United States, the Great Inflation of the 1970s played a rather central role in the

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Edgar Allan Poe was evil genius for his time and a great literary forerunner of today. He created the mind set for current writers such as Stephen King, Clive Barker, and Robin Cook by creating the horror story. Poe invites the reader to enter the mind of the narrator by using our senses as a way to provoke terror, suspense, and awe. His writing was influenced by many tragic losses in his life, and this would explain why Poe was a writer of such morbid short stories and poems. Poes experiences in life definitely influenced the remarkable literary work he produced. In his early life he had to deal with the death of both his parents, a difficult experience, but Poe accepted it as time went on. Later on in his life Poes stepfather disowned him. Young Edgars life was changed due to abandonment, alcoholism, and depression. In 1832 Poe moved in with his aunt and his 11 year old cousin in Baltimore. Poe then married his younger cousin in 1836. However, Poe did not know that he would suffer yet another terrible loss, the loss of his love, his wife. Poes ability to write literature was the window for him to express his feelings. All of Poes tragic losses affected the way he wrote. Poe used his life experiences to make his writing a lot more interesting. Poes writing is remarkably interesting. The poem The Raven showed how Poe erected a crazed state of mind, as the poem shows how the loss or a loved one drove a person crazy. This poem was possibly created for his wife that he had lost. While reading the poem it seems as if the stresses of the life of Poe, and his thoughts and feelings were all put into this poem. Throughout Poes life, many factors have contributed and influenced his writing style. He lived a difficult life, because he was raised in a dysfunctional household. But the final product of Poes mind is printed in his short stories and poems. Poes stories all have similar motifs and composition that would suggest suppressed emotions from life experiences are being discharged through his writings. The most prominent feature of Poes writing is his obsession with death. Poes writing does more than entertain the reader. It can be an insight into the dark and somber world of Edgar Allan Poe. One does not understand the meaning of Poe if one reads at the superficial level. One has to read into Poe, and understand the hardships of his life and how he maintained them that way. He knew that death was an inevitable part of life, it is the price of life, but he tried to fight it as if it was an unnatural part of life. He was an extremely intriguing man from all viewpoints, and he was and is, the dark side of all of us. It is difficult not to link Poes fictional stories with his real life. Evidence shows that Poe had a heart condition during his later years in life. Could The Tell Tale Heart be his own fear of the disease? Who knows? Could Poe have been expressing his fears that his alcoholic rages may cause him to hurt the ones he loved most in his tale The Black Cat? Finally, was the Pit and the Pendulum an allegory of his life? Did he find himself caught between the pendulum of financial adversity and the pit of degradation of death? Poe made the reader feel as if the reader were there, in the story, struggling with the same terrors of the characters. All his famous mystery thriller works give the reader a sense of nervousness, a sense of fear, and a sense of evil, by making our five senses awaken by reading every word. Critics say that Poe did not merely imitate the Gothic tales, but he also enriched them by preserving a central action while adding philosophical speculations and lore that deepened the impressions of the tales. As a result of the traumas he endured, Poe was unafraid of taking his readers for a walk on the dark side, where lines between life and death were sometimes blurred. His ability to tap into humankinds deepest fears and his consistency in portraying such intriguing and captivating themes is what has kept the work of Poe timeless. In short, Edgar Allan Poe has created many great stories for us. He liked to illustrate the dissolution of an individuals mind and body, as he had suffered it himself for quite a long time. He thought death is unavoidable, because he experienced keenly deaths all around him and its threat on his own life. He was obsessed by the loss of love of ideal women, for he had the same experience in life. Now, we can understand why Poe had a tendency of choosing such themes. Poe is an author of the inner world and his writings are his psychological autobiography to some extent. In this respect, Poe pioneered a new field in literature. He is the first one who focused on mans mental and spiritual activities, and his writings have deep influence on many of later writers. WORKS CITED Poe, Edgar Allan. Introductory Notes and Editors preface by Phillip van Doren Stern. In Selected Tales and Poems. The Viking Portal Library, Penguin Books, 1993. Moore, R. The Tell-Tale Heart: Discussion. 2002.Online. Internet. 11 November 2002. Available WWW: http://www.allpoe.com Murphy, Sally. Poes Poetry. 2002.Online. Internet. 12 November 2002. Available WWW: http://www.allpoe.com Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe His Life and Legacy. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992. Peters, James. Edgar Allan Poe. April 1, 2002.http://www.island-of-freedom.com/POE.HTM Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: A Mournful and Never-Ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991. Death of Edgar Allan Poe. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998

Equal opportunities and preventing discrimination

Equal opportunities and preventing discrimination The aim of this assignment is to focus on equal opportunities and the laws set up to protect people from discrimination on the basis of their gender, race, age and disability by providing a framework for the most vulnerable groups in society who, without legislation may feel their rights have been infringed. Prejudice and stereotyping is something we are all guilty of. From our own life experiences, beliefs and values we make assumptions about people from the way they look, speak and behave towards us. It is especially important in health care to be sensitive to the service users requirements. Negative language and labelling can make the service user feel unworthy, intimidated and deterred from accessing the very services they require. All care providers need to ensure that they view their patients as unique individuals, promoting their individual rights and supporting them in making decisions. Language is key, if the service user cannot communicate then an advocate or interpreter is required so they do not feel discriminated against. The use of positive language can be beneficial to the service user in empowering them to make choices and have greater control over the treatment they receive. Society has changed considerably in the last 40 years and we have become much more multi-cultural. Our attitudes and beliefs have had to change too e.g. more women in the workplace etc The Government has introduced equality legislation to protect vulnerable groups that may otherwise have no voice. By introducing acts that protect these groups from discrimination e.g. the disabled, mentally ill and other minority groups it ensures there is a set of legal guidelines in the way people are treated and that they have equal access to the same services and rights as everyone else. Most caring roles are governed by legislation. Older people, people with a learning disability, physical disabilities or mental health problems have service provisions, rights and other requirements laid down by the law but no overall framework for protection of abuse, except for that of children. This part of the assignment looks at The Mental Health Act, why it was conceived, who it aims to help and its limitations in practice. The basis of the act can be traced back to 1601 when The Poor Law was created but it has come a long way since then. In 1983 The Mental Health Act was put in place to protect those suffering from a disorder or disability of the mind. In previous times those with mental health issues may have found themselves locked away from society, with no proper treatment and no guidelines on how they should be treated. It wasnt unusual for young unmarried mothers to find themselves institutionalised as society found them to be deviant and morally deficient. It wasnt until the 1959 Mental Health Act reform that it was considered wrong to punish these women, however many had already been locked away and the damage done. The 1980s saw large-scale closures of psychiatric institutions in favour of the Governments care in the community policy, large numbers of long term patients were discharged into the community. By promoting the least restrictive alternative many were given freedom, the Reed Report stated care arrangements for people with mental health problems should have proper regard to the quality of care and the needs of individuals; as far as possible, in the community, rather than in institutional settings; under conditions of no greater security than is justified by the degree of danger; so as to maximise rehabilitation and the chances of sustaining an independent life; as close as possible to their own homes and families. (Mind.co.uk,2010) The 1983 Mental Health Act focuses on the assessment and treatment of people with mental health issues. The legislation has several sections. Each section provides guidance on dealing with specific situations that may arrive when a person has significant mental health problems. The following are some of the sections of the Act that must be adhered to; Section 1 gives definitions of mental disorder Section 2 describes the situations in which people can be admitted to hospital compulsorily, providing specific timeframes in which assessment must be undertaken Section 3 describes the provisions for admission for treatment, again there are specific guidelines regarding timescales Section 4 is regarding emergency admissions Section 5 is about detention of a voluntary patient for a period of assessment There are sections which deal with taking people to a place of safety and also sections relating to admissions linked to criminal behaviour. Val Michie et al,2008,(p230-231) Sectioning a person (detaining them against their will) is part of the act that needs to be done correctly as you are denying the person their right of freedom. This can only be done if the person shows significant harm to themselves or others. The Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides a framework to empower and protect people who are unable to make decisions themselves. By the use of advocates and health professionals any decisions they make can be supported. It enables those with mental health issues to plan ahead of time in the event that they lose mental capacity and so their wishes can be considered. The Mental Health Bill aims to bring together and simplify the Mental Health Act 1983 and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 by making it easier to understand the rules on detention and definitions of mental disorders. Supervised community support can be put in place using a variety of health professionals to ensure access to treatment. The Bill introduces safeguards to stop people being locked away for long periods of time without being reviewed at regular intervals and denying them the right to their liberty. The Act however does have its limitations; lack of resources, funding, low staffing levels and poor communications between agencies, vulnerable people may escape the system and cause danger to themselves and others. There have been many high profile cases of mentally ill patients slipping through the net, being released from hospital too early and not receiving the support they need. In August 2007 Vivian Gamor was detained indefinitely under the Mental Health Act 1983 after admitting to two counts of manslaughter at the Old Bailey. Vivian had been showing increasing signs of mental illness three years prior to this, her condition deteriorated to the point where she attacked her half-sister with a knife. This led to her being sectioned under the Mental Health Act and detained in hospital where she was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. Doctors felt they could control her symptoms with drugs and 28 days later she was released. Her two children had been living with their father who was unaware of the reasons for Vivians sectioning. The children were killed on the third unsupervised visit to their mother. Antoine, 10, was beaten around the head with a hammer and then strangled while Kenniece, 3, was suffocated with cling film and her corpse stuffed into a black bin bag. Lord laming who chaired the public inquiry into the death of Victoria Climbie said It seems to me that had the whole range of services been directed to supporting that mother and thinking and bringing to bear all their different resources it may have been possible to prevent that mother doing what I dont imagine she ever intended to do and the children paid the ultimate price for the failure of organisations to actually carry out their duty. (BBC News, 2008) A serious case review by the City and Hackney Local Safeguarding Childrens Board was launched with its results finding a lack of communication between agencies involved in the case. Guidelines under the Childrens Act obviously failed to provide the children safety and protection. Vivian had stopped taking her medication for up 10 days before the murders and was failed by the Mental Health Act as she posed a danger to herself and others. The childrens father was not married to Vivian, the law stated he had no parental rights at that time and could not stop her from having access to the children. Alan Wood, director of childrens services at Hackney Council, said: This case highlights how unpredictable mental illness can be, and the dreadful impact it can have on families. It also shows how child protection services and mental health services need to work ever more closely to successfully protect children in the future. (Communitycare.co.uk, 2008) There have been many studies into murder associated with mental health. One published in the British Journal of Psychiatry2008 called homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50- years, which looked at murders from 1946-2004. The researchers found that the number of murders committed by people with mental health problems had risen until the 1970s. Since then murder in the general population continued to grow, while those associated with mental health fell to very low levels. The researchers felt that the fall was due to better treatment and understanding within mental health. (The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2008) With the introduction of the Mental Health Act 1983, figures have shown that the legislation on the whole is successful, providing more support and treatment for sufferers of mental illness. It is those cases where the system has failed that are sensationalised, creating a negative image that people with mental illness are dangerous and pose a threat to the rest of society when this has shown not to be the case. The final part of the assignment shows how discrimination upon the individual in health care can greatly affect the way they feel about themselves and the treatment they receive. Prejudice is to prejudge, to already have an opinion or bias about a particular group of people. It is easy to assume and discriminate when an overweight person has type 2 diabetes that they have bought it on themselves, to label them as lazy and that they do not care about their own health needs. If the service user feels they are being treated this way then they can internalise those feelings and become depressed or angry. This can then lead to them feeling they are not worthy and unable to ask for or receive the help that they require. The service user is then marginalised, feeling that no-one cares leaving them isolated and vulnerable, their self-esteem suffers and the cycle of disadvantage sets in making them feel trapped in their own hopelessness, dealing with not only their medical problems but emotio nal ones too. Word Count: 1444 References. Michie,V.Baker,L.Boys,D. and McAleavy,J.,2008.BTEC National Health Social Care. Book 2: Cheltenham:Nelson Thornes Ltd. BBC News.co.uk, 2008.My two children should be alive. [Online] Available at: [Accessed 19.11.2010] Community Care.Co.UK, 2008. Hackney criticised in Vivian Gamor serious case review. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 24.11.2010] Mind.co.uk,2010. Dangerousness and mental health: the facts. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 19.11.2010] The British Journal of Psychiatry, 2008. Homicide due to mental disorder in England and Wales over 50 years. [Online] Available at:[Accessed 24.11.2010]